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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cigarette Smoke (CS) Exposure - destruction of elastin fibers, resulting in a loss of elasticity, surface area for gas exchange and permanent air space enlargement

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  • Genotype

    Cigarette Smoke (CS) Exposure

  • Mechanism

    Cigarette Smoke (CS) Exposure - destruction of elastin fibers, resulting in a loss of elasticity, surface area for gas exchange and permanent air space enlargement

  • Phenotype

    Fatigue, Locomotor activity, Anxiety, Reduced tolerance

  • Biomarker

    CRP, SAA, SP-D, Endothelin-1

  • Gene Expression Markers

    TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, mmp9, mmp12, casp3, lyz

  • Physiology Changes

    Dyspnea, Cachexia, Lethargy, Respiratory rate, Impaired gas exchange, ROS production

  • Histology Grading Endpoint

    Enlarged airspaces, Neutrophils and macrophages,Goblet cell hyperplasia, Smooth muscle hypertrophy, Thickened vessel walls

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